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Surpassing Ourselves:
An Inquiry into the Nature and Implications of Expertise
Carl
Bereiter and Marlene Scardamalia
Expertise is a
process of progressive problem-solving in which people
continuously rethink and redefine their tasks. A future 'expert
society' will not be a heaven in which all problems have
disappeared, but a realistic utopia in which endless
problem-solving will be a highly-valued part of life.
Progressive problem solvers stay healthier, live longer, and
experience the intense mental pleasure known as 'flow'. They
repeatedly go beyond their well-learned procedures, avoid
getting into ruts, and surpass themselves by reformulating
problems at new and more complex levels. They are able to
transform insoluble predicaments into soluble problems, to the
benefit of everyone. Yet many of our present institutions,
especially schools, penalize expertise instead of cultivating
it.
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